# smart test
smartctl -t long /dev/disk
# `smartctl -a /dev/disk` seems to give the test result
# or use badblocks

# smart error logs
smartctl -l error /dev/disk

now you have <sector>
find the partition the bad sector belongs
let <sector> = <sector> - partition start
# `tune2fs -l /dev/diskn` gives Block size
let <block> = <sector> / 8 (if using 512M disk block & 4K fs block)

# to get file path from block number
debugfs
: open /dev/diskn
: testb <block>
: icheck <block>
: ncheck <inode>